What is this legal word?
Simple and practical explanations of Indian legal terms, court terminology, criminal procedure, civil law, constitutional law and evidence.
Accused
A person against whom an allegation of having committed an offence has been made or criminal proceedings have been initiated.
Acquittal
A judicial decision finding that the accused is not liable to be convicted of the offence charged, according to the applicable law.
Anticipatory Bail
Pre-arrest protection that may be granted by a competent court where the applicable law permits such relief.
Appeal
A legal proceeding in which a decision, judgment or order is challenged before a higher court or forum where an appeal is provided by law.
Arrest
The lawful taking of a person into custody or restraint under authority recognised by law.
Bail
Release of a person from custody subject to conditions prescribed or imposed under applicable law.
Bail Bond
A bond executed in connection with release on bail, containing applicable obligations and conditions.
Bailable Offence
An offence classified as bailable under the applicable criminal procedure law.
Burden of Proof
The legal obligation to establish a fact, claim or proposition to the standard required by applicable law.
Cause of Action
The bundle of essential facts which gives a claimant a legal basis to seek a remedy.
Charge
A formal accusation of an offence made against an accused person in a criminal proceeding.
Charge Sheet
A report submitted by the investigating agency to the competent court after investigation, according to applicable procedure.
Cognizable Offence
An offence classified as cognizable under the applicable criminal procedure law.
Complaint
An allegation or grievance presented to a competent authority or court, depending on the context and law.
Confession
A statement by an accused acknowledging or admitting the commission of an offence, subject to evidence law.
Conviction
A judicial finding that an accused person is guilty of an offence according to the applicable law.
Custody
The state or condition of being under lawful detention, control or restraint of a competent authority.
Decree
The formal expression of an adjudication conclusively determining rights of parties in a civil suit, where the law recognises such a decree.
Defendant
A person or legal entity against whom a civil action or proceeding is brought.
Evidence
Material legally receivable or relevant for proving or disproving facts in a judicial proceeding.
FIR
First Information Report: the record of information relating to a cognizable offence recorded by police according to applicable criminal procedure.
Habeas Corpus
A judicial remedy used to challenge unlawful detention and seek judicial examination of its legality.
Injunction
A judicial order directing a person to do or refrain from doing a particular act.
Investigation
The process of collecting and examining information, evidence and other material relating to an alleged offence according to law.
Judgment
The judicial statement or decision of a court setting out its determination of issues in a proceeding.
Judicial Custody
Custody pursuant to judicial authority, distinct from police custody, subject to applicable law and court orders.
Jurisdiction
The legal authority or competence of a court or tribunal to hear and determine a particular matter.
Mandamus
A judicial writ or direction requiring performance of a public or legal duty where the legal requirements for the remedy are satisfied.
Non-Bailable Offence
An offence classified as non-bailable under applicable criminal procedure law. Bail may still be legally available according to the governing provisions.
Plaintiff
A person or legal entity who institutes a civil suit or brings a civil claim before a competent court.
Remand
An order by a competent judicial authority concerning continued detention or custody under the circumstances and limits prescribed by law.
Revision
A statutory supervisory proceeding through which a higher court may examine certain decisions or proceedings of a subordinate court within legal limits.
Sentence
The punishment or other penal consequence imposed by a competent court upon conviction according to law.
Surety
A person who undertakes, subject to applicable law, responsibility connected with a bond or bail-related obligation.
Trial
The judicial process through which a court examines issues, evidence and legal submissions and reaches a determination.
Warrant
Formal written authority issued by a competent court or authority authorising an act specified by law, such as arrest or search.
Writ
A formal judicial direction or order issued by a competent court in exercise of its jurisdiction.
Abetment
The act of instigating, conspiring with, or intentionally aiding another person in the commission of an act, where the applicable criminal law treats such conduct as abetment.
Abettor
A person who abets the commission of an act or offence as recognised under applicable criminal law.
Accomplice
A person who participates in or assists in the commission of an offence, subject to the applicable law.
Adjournment
Postponement of a hearing or proceeding to another date by order of the competent court.
Affidavit
A written statement of facts or information confirmed by oath or affirmation before an authorised person.
Alibi
A defence or factual assertion that the accused was somewhere else when the alleged offence occurred.
Allegation
A claim or assertion that a person has committed an act or has a legal liability, which may still require proof.
Arbitration
A method of dispute resolution in which parties submit their dispute to an arbitrator or arbitral tribunal.
Arbitrator
A person appointed or otherwise authorised to decide a dispute through arbitration.
Attachment
A legal process by which property is placed under the control of a competent authority or court for a purpose authorised by law.
Bona Fide
A Latin expression meaning in good faith, honestly and without an intention to deceive, subject to the context.
Beyond Reasonable Doubt
The high standard generally associated with proof required for criminal conviction, subject to applicable law.
Breach of Contract
Failure by a party to perform a contractual obligation in the manner required by the contract and applicable law.
Caveat
A formal request asking a court to give the person an opportunity of being heard before passing an order in specified circumstances.
Civil Suit
A legal proceeding instituted before a competent civil court to obtain a civil remedy or determination of rights.
Contempt of Court
Conduct that falls within the legally defined categories of contempt and interferes with the administration of justice or disobeys a court order, subject to applicable law.
Cross-Examination
Questioning of a witness by the opposing party after examination-in-chief, subject to the rules of evidence.
Damages
Monetary compensation awarded or claimed for legally recognised loss, injury or breach of a legal obligation.
Default
Failure to perform an obligation or comply with a procedural requirement within the applicable time or manner.
Discharge
Release of an accused from the criminal proceeding at a stage where the applicable law permits discharge.
Examination-in-Chief
The initial questioning of a witness by the party who called that witness, subject to applicable evidence law.
Execution
The legal process of enforcing a decree or order of a competent court according to applicable procedure.
Final Report
A report submitted by the investigating authority after completion of investigation in accordance with applicable law.
Fundamental Rights
Constitutionally guaranteed rights enforceable subject to the Constitution and applicable legal limitations.
Garnishee
A person or entity who owes money to a judgment debtor and may become subject to a court process concerning that debt, where applicable law permits.
Hearing
A proceeding in which a court hears submissions, evidence or arguments relevant to a matter before it.
Indemnity
A legal arrangement involving an undertaking to protect another party against specified loss or liability.
Interim Order
A temporary or interlocutory order passed by a court during the pendency of a proceeding.
Limitation
The legally prescribed period within which a particular proceeding or claim generally must be instituted.
Litigant
A person or entity involved as a party in a legal proceeding.
Mens Rea
A Latin expression commonly used to describe the mental element required for certain offences.
Mediation
A structured process in which a neutral mediator assists parties in attempting to reach a mutually acceptable settlement.
Natural Justice
Fundamental procedural principles of fairness, commonly including a fair hearing and absence of decision-making bias.
Non-Cognizable Offence
An offence classified as non-cognizable under applicable criminal procedure law, with statutory restrictions on police powers that differ from cognizable offences.
Order
A formal direction or decision of a competent court made during or at the conclusion of proceedings.
Parole
Conditional temporary release of a prisoner under a legally recognised scheme or authority, subject to conditions.
Perjury
A legally punishable false statement or evidence made in circumstances covered by the applicable law.
Petition
A formal written application or request presented to a court or competent authority seeking a specified legal remedy.
Prima Facie
A Latin expression meaning "at first sight" or based on the apparent evidence, subject to further examination.
Quashing
Judicial setting aside or termination of proceedings or an order in circumstances where the competent court has legal power to grant such relief.
Review
Re-examination of a judgment or order by the same court where review is permitted by applicable law.
Restitution
Restoration of a person to a position or benefit where restitution is required or permitted by applicable law.
Summons
A formal legal direction requiring a person to appear before a court or authority at a specified time or place.
Subpoena
A formal legal process requiring attendance, testimony or production of documents where recognised by applicable law.
Stay Order
A judicial order temporarily stopping or suspending a specified proceeding, action or operation, where legally granted.
Testimony
Evidence given by a witness, generally through statements made in a judicial proceeding.
Trespass
Unauthorised interference with another person's legally protected possession, property or rights, depending on context.
Vakalatnama
A document by which a party authorises an advocate to represent and act on the party's behalf in legal proceedings, subject to applicable court rules.
Written Statement
A formal pleading filed by a defendant in response to the plaintiff's claims in a civil proceeding.
Ex Parte
A Latin expression referring to a proceeding or order involving one side without the participation of the other side, subject to applicable procedural law.
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